📚 Main Topics

1. Importance of Keywords in Ethics

   • Keywords enhance the uniqueness and impact of answers in ethics examinations.
   • They serve as psychological triggers for examiners, showcasing ethical maturity.

2. Key Ethical Concepts and Keywords

   • Doctrine of Double EffectAn action can have both intended and unintended consequences.
   • Moral NihilismNo universal moral truths; morality is relative.
   • Moral HazardTaking risks without accountability.
   • Ethical Resonance/DisonanceConflict between values and actions.
   • Moral RelativismDifferent societies have different moral values.
   • Moral AbsolutismSome actions are always wrong, regardless of context.
   • Value PluralismMultiple conflicting values can be valid.
   • Social Contract TheoryAgreement between individuals and government regarding rights and responsibilities.
   • Justice as FairnessEveryone deserves a fair chance.
   • EudaimoniaGood life through moral excellence.

3. Attitudes and Their Impact

   • Cognitive ResonanceContradiction between thought and action.
   • Fundamental Attribution ErrorBlaming others' mistakes on their character while attributing one's own to circumstances.
   • Spiral of SilenceSilence on controversial issues due to fear of isolation.
   • Anchoring BiasOver-reliance on the first piece of information received.
   • Slippery SlopeSmall actions leading to extreme outcomes.
   • Pluralistic IgnoranceSilence on issues due to perceived consensus.
   • Confirmation BiasSeeking information that confirms existing beliefs.
   • Stereotype ThreatNegative impact of labels on performance.
   • Social Identity TheoryBias towards one's own group regardless of its correctness.

4. Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Services

   • Tragedy of the CommonsOveruse of shared resources leads to depletion.
   • Ethical EgoismPrioritizing self-interest in decision-making.
   • Altruism vs. SelfishnessSacrificing for others vs. self-benefit.
   • Procedural RationalityLogical reasoning in decision-making.
   • Civil CourageStanding up for what is right despite challenges.
   • Integrity QuotientMeasure of inner honesty.
   • Tolerance ThresholdCapacity to accept differing views.
   • Distributive JusticeFair distribution of resources among weaker sections.
   • Procedural JusticeFair processes in justice delivery.

✨ Key Takeaways

• Utilizing powerful ethical keywords can significantly enhance the quality of answers in examinations.
• Understanding and applying these concepts can demonstrate a deep ethical understanding and maturity.
• Ethical decision-making involves balancing personal beliefs, societal norms, and the implications of actions.

🧠 Lessons

• Prepare and memorize key ethical concepts to effectively apply them in exam scenarios.
• Recognize the importance of ethical maturity in civil services and public administration.
• Develop a nuanced understanding of how different ethical theories apply to real-world situations.